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  • Working Paper No. 747 January 17, 2013

    Marriner S. Eccles and the 1951 Treasury – Federal Reserve Accord

    Thorvald Grung Moe
    Abstract

    The 1951 Treasury – Federal Reserve Accord is an important milestone in central bank history. It led to a lasting separation between monetary policy and the Treasury’s debt-management powers, and established an independent central bank focused on price stability and macroeconomic stability. This paper revisits the history of the Accord and elaborates on the role […]

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  • One-Pager No. 36 January 11, 2013

    Η επέκταση της εξουσίας του Ομοσπονδιακού Αποθεματικού στην πρόσφατη χρηματοοικονομική κρίση εγείρει ερωτήματα διακυβέρνησης

    Bernard Shull
    Abstract

    Αρκετά χρόνια πριν από το ξέσπασμα της πρόσφατης χρηματοοικονομικής κρίσης, ο Lawrence Meyer, πρώην διοικητικό μέλος του Ομοσπονδιακού Αποθεματικού, έγραψε ότι η Ομοσπονδιακή Τράπεζα «αναφέρεται συχνά ως ο ισχυρότερος θεσμός στην Αμερική». Οι «αποφάσεις κλειδιά λαμβάνονται από 19 άτομα—τα ονόματα των οποίων ελάχιστοι γνωρίζουν—τα οποία συνεδριάζουν τακτικά πίσω από κλειστές πόρτες». Ο Bernard Shull εξετάζει […]

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  • One-Pager No. 36 January 11, 2013

    Expansion of Federal Reserve Authority in the Recent Financial Crisis Raises Questions about Governance

    Bernard Shull
    Abstract

    Several years before the onset of the recent financial crisis, ex – Federal Reserve Board Member Lawrence Meyer wrote that the Fed “is often called the most powerful institution in America,” its key decisions made by 19 people whose names are known by few, meeting regularly behind closed doors. Bernard Shull examines the origin and […]

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  • Working Paper No. 746 January 09, 2013

    Ο χρηματιστικός καπιταλισμός και η αναδιανομή του εισοδήματος

    Eckhard Hein
    Abstract

    Το κείμενο εξετάζει έναν σημαντικό δίαυλο μέσω του οποίου η χρηματιστικοποίηση ή ο χρηματιστικός καπιταλισμός επηρεάζει τις μακροοικονομικές επιδόσεις: το κανάλι διανομής. Παρέχονται εμπειρικά στοιχεία για 15 ανεπτυγμένες οικονομίες, που καλύπτουν την περίοδο του χρηματιστικού καπιταλισμού από τις αρχές της δεκαετίας του 1980, σχετικά με τις ακόλουθες διαστάσεις της αναδιανομής: τη λειτουργική διανομή του εισοδήματος, […]

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  • Working Paper No. 746 January 09, 2013

    Finance-dominated Capitalism and Redistribution of Income

    Eckhard Hein
    Abstract

    This paper examines a major channel through which financialization or finance-dominated capitalism affects macroeconomic performance: the distribution channel. Empirical data for the following dimensions of redistribution in the period of finance-dominated capitalism since the early 1980s is provided for 15 advanced capitalist economies: functional distribution, personal/household distribution, and the share and composition of top incomes. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 745 January 03, 2013

    Stock-flow Consistent Modeling through the Ages

    Antoine Godin, and Eugenio Caverzasi
    Abstract

    The aim of the paper is to provide an overview of the current stock-flow consistent (SFC) literature. Indeed, we feel the SFC approach has recently led to a blossoming literature, requiring a new summary after the work of Dos Santos (2006) and, above all, after the publication of the main reference work on the methodology, […]

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  • Research Project Report December 21, 2012

    The Interlocking of Time and Income Deficits

    Rania Antonopoulos, Ajit Zacharias, and Thomas Masterson
    Abstract

    This report is published as part of the “Undoing Knots, Innovating for Change” series, issued by the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) Regional Centre for Latin America and the Caribbean through its Gender Practice Area. It includes findings from a UNDP-supported research project undertaken in 2011 by the Levy Economics Institute with the objective of […]

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  • Working Paper No. 744 December 20, 2012

    Interest Rate Determination in India

    Lekha S. Chakraborty
    Abstract

    Controlling for capital flows using the high-frequency macro data of a financially deregulated regime, this paper examines whether there is any evidence of the fiscal deficit determining the interest rate in the context of India. The period of analysis is FY 2006–07 (April) to FY 2011 (April). Contrary to the debates in policy circles, the […]

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  • Working Paper No. 743 December 19, 2012

    Επένδυση, χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές και αβεβαιότητα

    Philip Arestis, and Ana Rosa González
    Abstract

    Η εργασία παρέχει μια θεωρητική εξήγηση της διαδικασίας της συσσώρευσης, που υπολογίζει τις εξελίξεις στις χρηματοπιστωτικές αγορές κατά το πρόσφατο παρελθόν. Συγκεκριμένα, η προσέγγισή μας εστιάζεται στην παρουσία των συσχετίσεων μεταξύ των φυσικών και χρηματοοικονομικών επενδύσεων και πως οι χρηματοοικονομικές επενδύσεις θα μπορούσαν να επηρεάσουν τις φυσικές επενδύσεις. Προκειμένου να επιτευχθεί ο στόχος αυτός, εξετάζονται […]

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  • Working Paper No. 743 December 19, 2012

    Investment, Financial Markets, and Uncertainty

    Philip Arestis, and Ana Rosa González
    Abstract

    This paper provides a theoretical explanation of the accumulation process, which accounts for the developments in the financial markets over the recent past. Specifically, our approach is focused on the presence of correlations between physical and financial investment, and how the latter could affect the former. In order to achieve this objective, two assets are […]

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  • Working Paper No. 742 December 19, 2012

    ECB Worries / European Woes

    Robert J. Barbera, and Gerald Holtham
    Abstract

    Financial market crises with the threat of a subsequent debt-deflation depression have occurred with increasing regularity in the United States from 1980 through the present. Almost reflexively, when confronted with such circumstances, US institutions and the policymakers that run them have responded in a fashion that has consistently thwarted debt-deflation-depression dynamics. It is true that […]

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  • Working Paper No. 742 December 19, 2012

    Τα προβλήματα της ΕΕ και οι ανησυχίες της Ευρωπαϊκής Κεντρικής Τράπεζας

    Robert J. Barbera, and Gerald Holtham
    Abstract

    Οι χρηματοοικονομικές κρίσεις που συνοδεύονται από την απειλή μιας επακόλουθης ύφεσης και τον αποπληθωρισμό χρέους λαμβάνουν χώρα με αυξανόμενη ταχύτητα στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες από το 1980 έως σήμερα. Σχεδόν αντανακλαστικά, όταν έρχονται αντιμέτωποι με αυτές τις συνθήκες, οι αμερικανικοί θεσμοί και οι διαμορφωτές πολιτικής που διαχειρίζονται αυτούς τους θεσμούς ανταποκρίνονται με έναν τρόπο ο οποίος […]

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  • Working Paper No. 741 December 13, 2012

    Primary and Secondary Markets

    Egmont Kakarot-Handtke
    Abstract

    The analytical starting point determines the course of a theoretical investigation and, ultimately, the productiveness of an approach. The classics took production and accumulation as their point of departure; the neoclassics, exchange. Exchange implies behavioral assumptions and notions like rationality, optimization, and equilibrium. It is widely recognized that this approach has led into a cul-de-sac. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 740 December 07, 2012

    Conflicting Claims in the Eurozone?

    Alberto Botta
    Abstract

    In this paper, we analyze the role of the current institutional setup of the eurozone in fostering the ongoing peripheral euro countries’ sovereign debt crisis. In line with Modern Money Theory, we stress that the lack of a federal European government running anticyclical fiscal policy, the loss of euro member-states’ monetary sovereignty, and the lack […]

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  • Working Paper No. 739 November 30, 2012

    On the “Utilization Controversy”

    Michalis Nikiforos
    Abstract

    This paper examines the “utilization controversy” around the Kaleckian model of growth and distribution. We show that the Federal Reserve data on capacity utilization, which have been used by both sides of this debate, are the wrong kind of data for the issue under examination. Instead, a more appropriate measurement can be derived from the […]

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  • Working Paper No. 738 November 28, 2012

    At the Crossroads: The Euro and Its Central Bank Guardian (and Savior?)

    Jörg Bibow
    Abstract

    Research Associate Jörg Bibow investigates the role of the European Central Bank (ECB) in the (mal)functioning of Europe’s Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), focusing on the German intellectual and historical traditions behind the euro policy regime and its central bank guardian. His analysis contrasts Keynes’s chartalist conception of money and central banking with the postwar […]

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  • Working Paper No. 738 November 28, 2012

    Το ευρώ και η Ευρωπαϊκή Κεντρική Τράπεζα: στο σταυροδρόμι

    Jörg Bibow
    Abstract

    Ο Jörg Bibow, ερευνητής στο Ινστιτούτου Οικονομικών Levy, διερευνά το ρόλο της Ευρωπαϊκής Κεντρικής Τράπεζας (ΕΚΤ) στη λειτουργία (ή μάλλον στη δυσλειτουργία) της Οικονομικής και Νομισματικής Ένωσης (ΟΝΕ) στην Ευρώπη, με επίκεντρο τη γερμανική πνευματική και ιστορική παράδοση που βρίσκεται πίσω από το καθεστώς της πολιτικής του ευρώ και του κηδεμόνα του, που είναι η […]

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  • Working Paper No. 737 November 21, 2012

    The (Normal) Rate of Capacity Utilization at the Firm Level

    Michalis Nikiforos
    Abstract

    This paper examines the endogeneity (or lack thereof) of the rate of capacity utilization in the long run at the firm level. We provide economic justification for the adjustment of the desired rate of utilization toward the actual rate on behalf of a cost-minimizing firm after examining the factors that determine the utilization of resources. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 736 November 21, 2012

    A Meme for Money

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    This paper argues that the usual framing of discussions of money, monetary policy, and fiscal policy plays into the hands of conservatives.That framing is also largely consistent with the conventional view of the economy and of society more generally. To put it the way that economists usually do, money “lubricates” the market mechanism—a good thing, […]

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  • Working Paper No. 735 November 14, 2012

    The Impact of Financial Reform on Federal Reserve Autonomy

    Bernard Shull
    Abstract

    The Federal Reserve has been criticized for not preventing the risky behavior of large financial companies prior to the financial crisis of 2008–09, for approving mergers that aggravated the “too big to fail” problem, and for its substantial contribution to bailouts when their risk management failed. The Dodd-Frank Act of 2010, in attempting to diminish […]

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  • Public Policy Brief No. 127 November 07, 2012

    Fiscal Traps and Macro Policy after the Eurozone Crisis

    Dimitri B. Papadimitriou
    Abstract

    The United States must make a fundamental choice in its economic policy in the next few months, a choice that will shape the US economy for years to come. Pundits and policymakers are divided over how to address what is widely referred to as the “fiscal cliff,” a combination of tax increases and spending cuts […]

    Download Public Policy Brief No. 127, 2012 PDF (456.91 KB)
  • Public Policy Brief No. 127 November 07, 2012

    Δημοσιονομικές παγίδες και μακροπολιτική μετά την κρίση στην ευρωζώνη

    Dimitri B. Papadimitriou
    Abstract

    Τους επόμενους μήνες, οι Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες πρέπει να κάνουν μια βασική επιλογή στην οικονομική τους πολιτική, μια επιλογή που θα διαμορφώσει την οικονομία των ΗΠΑ για τα επόμενα χρόνια. Οι αυθεντίες και οι φορείς χάραξης πολιτικής διαφωνούν για το πώς πρέπει να αντιμετωπιστεί αυτό που ευρέως αναφέρεται ως «ο δημοσιονομικός γκρεμός», ένας συνδυασμός περικοπής δαπανών […]

    Download Κείμενο Δημόσιας Πολιτικής No. 127 PDF (780.66 KB)
  • Public Policy Brief No. 126 November 06, 2012

    It's About "Time"

    Rania Antonopoulos, Ajit Zacharias, and Thomas Masterson
    Abstract

    We cannot adequately assess how much or how little progress we have made in addressing the condition of the most vulnerable in our societies, or provide accurate guidance to policymakers intent on improving each individual’s and household’s ability to reach a basic standard of living, if we do not have a reliable means of measuring […]

    Download Public Policy Brief No. 126, 2012 PDF (346.54 KB)
  • Public Policy Brief No. 126 November 06, 2012

    Εργασία, οικιακή παραγωγή και χρονικές απαιτήσεις

    Rania Antonopoulos, Ajit Zacharias, and Thomas Masterson
    Abstract

    Δεν μπορούμε να εκτιμήσουμε επαρκώς πόση πολύ ή πόση λίγη πρόοδος έχει γίνει για την αντιμετώπιση της κατάστασης των πιο ευάλωτων στις κοινωνίες μας, ή να παρέχουμε σωστή καθοδήγηση στους χαράκτες πολιτικής που στοχεύουν στη βελτίωση των ικανοτήτων του κάθε ατόμου και νοικοκυριού να επιτύχει ένα βασικό βιοτικό επίπεδο, αν δεν διαθέτουμε ένα αξιόπιστο μέσο […]

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Bard College
Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000
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The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986 through the generous support of Bard College trustee Leon Levy, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, public policy research organization. The Levy Institute is independent of any political or other affiliation, and encourages diversity of opinion in the examination of economic policy issues while striving to transform ideological arguments into informed debate.