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1681 publications found

  • Working Paper No. 522 December 10, 2007

    Lessons from the Subprime Meltdown

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    This paper uses Hyman P. Minsky’s approach to analyze the current international financial crisis, which was initiated by problems in the American real estate market. In a 1987 manuscript, Minsky had already recognized the importance of the trend toward securitization of home mortgages. This paper identifies the causes and consequences of the financial innovations that […]

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  • Strategic Analysis November 30, 2007

    The US Economy: Is There a Way Out of the Woods?

    Wynne Godley, Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, and Gennaro Zezza
    Abstract

    In their latest Strategic Analysis, Distinguished Scholar Wynne Godley, President Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, and Research Scholars Greg Hannsgen and Gennaro Zezza review recent events in the housing and financial markets to obtain a likely scenario for the evolution of household spending in the United States. They forecast a significant drop in borrowing and private expenditure […]

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  • Working Paper No. 521 November 29, 2007

    Earnings Functions and the Measurement of the Determinants of Wage Dispersion

    Jacques Silber, and Joseph Deutsch
    Abstract

    This paper extends the famous Blinder and Oaxaca (1973) discrimination in several directions. First, the wage difference breakdown is not limited to two groups. Second, a decomposition technique is proposed that allows analysis of the determinants of the overall wage dispersion. The authors’ approach combines two techniques. The first of these is popular in the […]

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  • Working Paper No. 520 November 14, 2007

    Nurkse and the Role of Finance in Development Economics

    Jan Kregel
    Abstract

    Ragnar Nurkse was one the pioneers in development economics. This paper celebrates the hundredth anniversary of his birth with a critical retrospective of his overall contribution to the field, in particular his views on the importance of employment policy in mobilizing domestic resources and the difficulties surrounding the use of external resources to finance development. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 519 November 09, 2007

    Public Employment and Women

    L. Randall Wray, and Pavlina R. Tcherneva
    Abstract

    In 2002, Argentina implemented a large-scale public employment program to deal with the latest economic crisis and the ensuing massive unemployment and poverty. The program, known as Plan Jefes, offered part-time work for unemployed heads of households, and yet more than 70 percent of the people who turned up for work were women. The present […]

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  • Public Policy Brief No. 92 October 26, 2007

    The US Credit Crunch of 2007

    Charles J. Whalen
    Abstract

    It is now clear that most economists underestimated the widening economic impact of the credit crunch that has shaken American financial markets since at least mid-July. A credit crunch is an economic condition in which loans and investment capital are difficult to obtain; in such a period, banks and other lenders become wary of issuing […]

    Download Public Policy Brief No. 92, 2007 PDF (476.11 KB)
  • Working Paper No. 518 October 25, 2007

    Fiscal Deficit, Capital Formation, and Crowding Out in India

    Lekha S. Chakraborty
    Abstract

    This paper analyzes the real (direct) and financial crowding out in India between 1970–71 and 2002–03. Using an asymmetric vector autoregressive (VAR) model, the paper finds no real crowding out between public and private investment; rather, complementarity is observed between the two. The dynamics of financial crowding out is captured through the dual transmission mechanism […]

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  • Working Paper No. 517 October 23, 2007

    What Are the Relative Macroeconomic Merits and Environmental Impacts of Direct Job Creation and Basic Income Guarantees?

    Pavlina R. Tcherneva
    Abstract

    There is a body of literature that favors universal and unconditional public assurance policies over those that are targeted and means-tested. Two such proposals—the basic income proposal and job guarantees—are discussed here. The paper evaluates the impact of each program on macroeconomic stability, arguing that direct job creation has inherent stabilization features that are lacking […]

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  • Book Series October 15, 2007

    Government Spending on the Elderly

    Dimitri B. Papadimitriou
    Abstract

    The results are in: we are aging—individually and collectively, nationally and globally. In the United States, as in most countries with an advanced economy, the aging of the population will be a primary domestic public policy issue in the coming decades. According to Census Bureau estimates, the proportion of the elderly in the total population […]

  • Public Policy Brief No. 91 October 09, 2007

    Globalization and the Changing Trade Debate

    Thomas I. Palley
    Abstract

    The failure of the Doha Development Round of World Trade Organization (WTO) negotiations in July 2006 was the first major collapse of a multilateral trade round since World War II. Research Associate Thomas Palley sees the failure as an event that could mark the close of a 60-year era of trade policy largely centered on […]

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  • Working Paper No. 516 September 21, 2007

    The Right to a Job, the Right Types of Projects

    Rania Antonopoulos
    Abstract

    There is now widespread recognition that in most countries, private-sector investment has not been able to absorb surplus labor. This is all the more the case for poor unskilled people. Public works programs and employment guarantee schemes in South Africa, India, and other countries provide jobs while creating public assets. In addition to physical infrastructure, […]

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  • Working Paper No. 515 September 13, 2007

    Minsky’s Approach to Employment Policy and Poverty

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    While Hyman P. Minsky is best known for his work on financial instability, he was also intimately involved in the postwar debates about fiscal policy and what would become the War on Poverty. Indeed, at the University of California, Berkeley, he was a vehement critic of the policies of the Kennedy and Johnson administrations, and […]

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  • Working Paper No. 514 September 10, 2007

    The Continuing Legacy of John Maynard Keynes

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    This working paper examines the legacy of Keynes’s General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money (1936) on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of its publication and the 60th anniversary of Keynes’s death. The paper incorporates some of the latest research by prominent followers of Keynes, presented at the 9th International Post Keynesian Conference in […]

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  • Working Paper No. 513 September 04, 2007

    Inequality of Life Chances and the Measurement of Social Immobility

    Jacques Silber, and Amedeo Spadaro
    Abstract

    This paper begins by proposing two cardinal measures of inequality in life chances. Using as its database a matrix in which the lines correspond to the social category of parents and the columns to the income distribution of their children, it then highlights the importance of the marginal distributions when comparing social immobility within two […]

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  • Working Paper No. 512 September 03, 2007

    Endogenous Money

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    While the mainstream long argued that the central bank could use quantitative constraints as a means to controlling the private creation of money, most economists now recognize that the central bank can only set the overnight interest rate—which has only an indirect impact on the quantity of reserves and the quantity of privately created money. […]

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  • Working Paper No. 511 August 15, 2007

    The Fed’s Real Reaction Function

    James K. Galbraith, Olivier Giovannoni, and Ann J. Russo
    Abstract

    Using a VAR model of the American economy from 1984 to 2003, we find that, contrary to official claims, the Federal Reserve does not target inflation or react to “inflation signals.” Rather, the Fed reacts to the very “real” signal sent by unemployment, in a way that suggests that a baseless fear of full employment […]

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  • Working Paper No. 510 August 13, 2007

    A Post-Keynesian View of Central Bank Independence, Policy Targets, and the Rules-versus-Discretion Debate

    L. Randall Wray
    Abstract

    This paper addresses three issues surrounding monetary policy formation: policy independence, choice of operating targets, and rules versus discretion. According to the New Monetary Consensus, the central bank needs policy independence to build credibility; the operating target is the overnight interbank lending rate, and the ultimate goal is price stability. This paper provides an alternative […]

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  • Working Paper No. 509 August 07, 2007

    On Various Ways of Measuring Unemployment, with Applications to Switzerland

    Jacques Silber, Joseph Deutsch, and Yves Flückiger
    Abstract

    This paper begins with an examination of various ways of measuring unemployment and, borrowing ideas from the poverty measurement literature, proposes four new general unemployment indices. The first of these is parallel to the Sen poverty index; the second, to the Sen index’s generalization by Shorrocks; the third, to the FGT poverty index; and the […]

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  • Working Paper No. 508 July 18, 2007

    The American Jewish Committee’s Annual Opinion Surveys

    Joel Perlmann
    Abstract

    The American Jewish Committee (AJC) surveys of Jewish opinion are unique both in being conducted annually and in the subject matter covered. This paper assesses the quality of these samples. I first summarize my earlier findings on the implications of limiting a sample to respondents who answered “Jewish” when asked a screening question about their […]

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  • Working Paper No. 507 July 17, 2007

    Who’s a Jew in an Era of High Intermarriage?

    Joel Perlmann
    Abstract

    The old ways in which surveys of Jews handled marginal cases no longer make sense, and the number of cases involved is no longer small. I examine in detail the public-use samples of the two recent national surveys of Americans of recent Jewish origin—the National Jewish Population Survey (NJPS) and the American Jewish Identity Survey […]

    Download Working Paper No. 507 PDF (94.01 KB)
  • Working Paper No. 506 July 16, 2007

    The Effects of a Declining Housing Market on the US Economy

    Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, and Gennaro Zezza
    Abstract

    Longstanding speculation about the likelihood of a housing market collapse has given way in the past few months to consideration of just how far the housing market will fall, and how much damage the debacle will inflict on the economy. This paper assesses the magnitude of the impact of housing price decreases on real private […]

    Download Working Paper No. 506 PDF (184.62 KB)
  • Working Paper No. 505 July 10, 2007

    Implementation of the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act in India

    Pinaki Chakraborty
    Abstract

    Since its enactment in 2005, the National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA) has been implemented in 200 districts in India. Based on state-by-state employment demand-supply data and the use of funds released under NREGA, it is found that, although it is a demand-driven scheme, there are significant interstate differences in the supply of employment. The […]

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  • Working Paper No. 504 July 05, 2007

    Female Land Rights, Crop Specialization, and Productivity in Paraguayan Agriculture

    Thomas Masterson
    Abstract

    Previous work has shown a pattern of lower household incomes for those Paraguayan farms with female landowners in the household. The study of agricultural production reveals that Paraguayan women specialize in livestock and dairy production, while men specialize in crop production. An analysis of crop specialization and crop yields finds no significant differences in yields […]

    Download Working Paper No. 504 PDF (166.08 KB)
  • Public Policy Brief No. 90 July 03, 2007

    Cracks in the Foundations of Growth

    Dimitri B. Papadimitriou, and Gennaro Zezza
    Abstract

    With economic growth having cooled to less than 1 percent in the first quarter of 2007, the economy can ill afford a slump in consumption by the American household. But it now appears that the household sector could finally give in to the pressures of rising gasoline prices, a weakening home market, and a large […]

    Download Public Policy Brief No. 90, 2007 PDF (367.52 KB)

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Blithewood
Bard College
Annandale-on-Hudson, NY 12504-5000
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The Levy Economics Institute of Bard College, founded in 1986 through the generous support of Bard College trustee Leon Levy, is a nonprofit, nonpartisan, public policy research organization. The Levy Institute is independent of any political or other affiliation, and encourages diversity of opinion in the examination of economic policy issues while striving to transform ideological arguments into informed debate.